Incorporating the water footprint and virtual water into policy: reflections from the Mancha Occidental Region, Spain

Water resource management is often a controversial issue in semiarid regions. Most water resources experts admit that water conflicts are not caused by the physical water scarcity but they are mainly due to inadequate water management. The virtual water concept (the volume of water used in the production of a commodity, good or service) together with the water footprint (indicator of water consumption that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer), links a large range of sectors and issues, thus providing a potentially appropriate framework to support more optimal water management practices by informing production and trade decisions. This paper provides an analysis of these two concepts within the context of the Mancha Occidental region, Spain, exploring the hydrological and economic aspects of agricultural production. In doing so, this work not only distinguishes between green and blue water but also between surface and groundwater. We conclude by discussing the practical implications of the results, as well as their potential limitations from the policy standpoint

The water footprint assessment manual: setting the global standard

This book contains the global standard for \u27water footprint assessment\u27 as developed and maintained by the Water Footprint Network (WFN). It covers a comprehensive set of definitions and methods for water footprint accounting. It shows how water footprints are calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses. It also includes methods for water footprint sustainability assessment and a library of water footprint response options. A shared standard on definitions and calculation methods is crucial given the rapidly growing interest in companies and governments to use water footprint accounts as a basis for formulating sustainable water strategies and policies

A water footprint assessment of a pair of jeans: the influence of agricultural policies on the sustainability of consumer products.

This study reports the results of a water footprint (WF) assessment of five types of textiles commonly used for the production of jeans, including two different fibres (cotton and Lyocell fibre) and five corresponding production methods for spinning, dyeing and weaving. The results show that the fibre production is the stage with the highest water consumption, being cotton production particularly relevant. Therefore, the study pays particular attention to the water footprint of cotton production and analyses the effects of external factors influencing the water footprint of a product, in this case, the incentives provided by the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), and the relevance of agricultural practices to the water footprint of a product is emphasised. An extensification of the crop production led to higher WF per unit, but a lower overall pressure on the basins water resources. This study performs a sustainability assessment of the estimated cotton WFs with the water scarcity index, as proposed by Hoekstra et al. (2011), and shows their variations in different years as a result of different water consumption by crops in the rest of the river basin. In our case, we applied the assessment to the Guadalquivir, Guadalete and Barbate river basins, three semi-arid rivers in South Spain. Because they are found to be relevant, the available water stored in dams and the outflow are also incorporated as reference points for the sustainability assessment. The study concludes that, in the case of Spanish cotton production, the situation of the basin and the policy impact are more relevant for the status of the basin s water resources than the actual WF of cotton production. Therefore, strategies aimed at reducing the impact of the water footprint of a product need to analyse both the WF along the value chain and within the local context

The water footprint of olives and olive oil in Spain

This paper evaluates the water footprint of Spanish olives and olive oil over the period 1997-2008. In particular, it analyses the three colour components of the water footprint: green (rainwater stored in the soil), blue (surface and groundwater) and grey (freshwater required to assimilate load of pollutants). Apparent water productivity and virtual water embedded in olive oil exports have also been studied. Results show more than 99.5% of the water footprint of one liter of bottled olive oil is related to the olive production, whereas less than 0.5% is due to the other components such as bottle, cap and label. Over the studied period, the green water footprint in absolute terms of Spanish olive oil production represents about 72% in rainfed systems and just 12% in irrigated olive orchards. Blue and grey water footprints represent 6% and 10% of the national water footprint, respectively. It is shown that olive production is concentrated in regions with the smallest water footprint per unit of product. However, the increase of groundwater consumption in the main olive producing region (Andalusia), from 98 to 378 Mm3 between 1997 and 2008, has added significant pressure in the upstream Guadalquivir basin. This raises questions about the sustainability of irrigated olive orchards for export from the region. Finally, the virtual water related to olive oil exports illustrate the importance of green water footprint of rainfed olives amounting to about 77% of the total virtual water exports

Understanding the impact of crop and food production on the water environment ‐using sugar as a model

The availability of fresh water and the quality of aquatic ecosystems are important global concerns, and agriculture plays a major role. Consumers and manufacturers are increasingly sensitive to sustainability issues related to processed food products and drinks. The present study examines the production of sugar from the growing cycle through to processing to the factory gate, and identifies the potential impacts on water scarcity and quality and the ways in which the impact of water use can be minimised. We have reviewed the production phases and processing steps, and how calculations of water use can be complicated, or in some cases how assessments can be relatively straightforward. Finally, we outline several ways that growers and sugar processors are improving the efficiency of water use and reducing environmental impact, and where further advances can be made. This provides a template for the assessment of other crops

Hacia una alimentación saludable y sostenible

Resumen de la ponencia presentada al IV Congreso de Alimentación, Nutrición y Dietética (26 de noviembre de 2021)El objetivo de este estudio es identificar un conjunto de indicadores para evaluar dietas saludables sostenibles, analizando las deficiencias más comunes desde una perspectiva de salud, ambiental y socioeconómica. Para ello se realizó revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando la metodología PRISMA

Sustainability, Efficiency and Equitability of Water Consumption and Pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper assesses the sustainability, efficiency and equity of water use in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by means of a geographic Water Footprint Assessment (WFA). It aims to provide understanding of water use from both a production and consumption point of view. The study identifies priority basins and areas from the perspectives of blue water scarcity, water pollution and deforestation. Wheat, fodder crops and sugarcane are identified as priority products related to blue water scarcity. The domestic sector is the priority sector regarding water pollution from nitrogen. Soybean and pasture are priority products related to deforestation. We estimate that consumptive water use in crop production could be reduced by 37% and nitrogen-related water pollution by 44% if water footprints were reduced to certain specified benchmark levels. The average WF per consumer in the region is 28% larger than the global average and varies greatly, from 912 m3/year per capita in Nicaragua to 3468 m3/year in Bolivia. Ironically, the LAC region shows significant levels of undernourishment, although there is abundant water and food production in the region and substantial use of land and water for producing export crops like soybean

Agua y Globalización: Retos y oportunidades para una mejor gestión de los recursos hídricos

La mayoría de los estudios coinciden en que hoy en día en el mundo hay suficientes recursos hídricos para satisfacer la demanda de alimentos, aunque con disponibilidad geográfica desigual. La crisis del agua se trata de un problema de mala gestión en relación con varios aspectos (Aldaya et al, 2008; Rogers et ai, 2006; UNDP, 2006; CAWMA, 2007). En este contexto, la globalización de los mercados, que redistribuye los recursos hídricos por medio del comercio de agua virtual, presenta retos y oportunidades para alcanzar una buena gobernanza del agua

Importancia del conocimiento de la huella hidrológica para la política española del agua

En casi todos los países áridos o semiáridos la adecuada gestión de los recursos hídricos es un tema tan importante como conflictivo. La mayor parte de los expertos en gestión de recursos hídricos suele admitir hoy que los conflictos hídricos no se deben normalmente a la escasez física de agua sino a su inadecuada gestión. Los avances en la Ciencia y en la Tecnología que se han producido en el último medio siglo permiten resolver muchos de los problemas relacionados con conflictos hídricos con medios que hace pocas décadas nadie podía imaginar. El presente documento se centra en el estudio de la HUELLA HIDROLÓGICA y sus relacionados conceptos de agua virtual y sus componentes verde y azul. Este trabajo se enfoca no sólo desde la clásica perspectiva hidrológica sino también enfatizando los datos económicos. El estudio de la huella hidrológica está haciendo cambiar los conceptos de seguridad alimentaria e hidrológica que han estado vigentes durante siglos en la mente de la mayor parte de los políticos de todo el mundo. Los datos disponibles ponen claramente de manifiesto que la producción de alimentos es, a escala mundial, el principal usuario de agua verde y azul a gran diferencia de los otros usos. Por ello, este trabajo preliminar de otros estudios en marcha, se dedica principalmente al estudio del agua en la agricultura. La política del agua de un país va a estar cada día más íntimamente relacionada con su política agrícola, tanto de producción de alimentos como de su importación y/o exportación. Al mismo tiempo hay que tener en cuenta que en los países industrializados, como es España, los condicionantes ambientales van adquiriendo más peso y que consciente o inconscientemente el viejo lema “more crops and jobs per drop” está cambiando al lema “more cash and nature per drop”

Virtual Water and Water Footprint: A Case Study from Spain

The World Water Week in Stockholm is the annual meeting place for the planet’s most urgent water-related issues. Organised by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), it brings together experts, practitioners, decision makers and leader